- Genocidas ir rezistencija (Nr. 1) http://www.tdd.lt/genocid/pr01.htm
- Mindaugas Pocius. MVD-MGB specialiosios grupės Lietuvoje (19451959)
Special MVD-MGB Troops in Lithuania (19451959)
Juozas Starkauskas. Fronto užnugario apsaugos NKVD kariuomenės veikla Lietuvoje (19441945)
The Activities of NKVD Forces of Rear Defence Fronts in Lithuania (19441945)
Inga Petravičiūtė. Sovietinio saugumo struktūra ir funkcijos Lietuvoje (19411954)
The Structure and Functions of Soviet Security in Lithuania (19411954)
Vidmantas Tūtlis. Tragiškų įvykių sūkuryje parašytų memuarų savitumai
The Peculiarities of Memoirs Written in the Vortex of Tragic Events
Audronė Janavičienė. Sovietiniai diversantai Lietuvoje (19411944)
Soviet Saboteurs in Lithuania (19411944)
Arūnas Streikus. Sovietų valdžios antibažnytinė politika (19531967)
Soviet Anti-Catholic Church Activities (19531967)
Arūnas Bubnys.Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (19411944)
German and Lithuanian Security Police (19411944)
SPECIAL MVD-MGB TROOPS IN LITHUANIA (1945-1959)
Summary
Special MVD-MGB troops were formed in Lithuania for military operations against armed resistance movement and were responsible for the execution of the most complicated KGB tactical tasks. Great death loses of Lithuania's Freedom Fighters and peaceful population, ruined lives and physical and moral health, tortures, horrible experiences was the result of the doings of these shock troops.
Special troops - the principal KGB measure - during the period of 1950-1953 liquidated the last existing regional and district combined headquarters. This fact determined the annihilation of the Movement of Lithuania's Freedom Fighters the leading organisation of the movement. Fictious district headquarters, mainly formed from MGB secret agents helped the repressive organs to finally break down organised resistance. In operations against National partisans in 1952-1953 MGB military units as well as quislings (istrebiteli) were little involved and the activities of secret agents and operations of special troops became principal axis of KGB activities. During the period of 1950-1953 special troops had been most actively and effectively used by MGB (armed resistance would have lasted at least two more years without unless the secret agents activities).
From the material investigated it can be ascertained that during the period of 1945-1950 special troops killed 500 partisans and about 220 partisans were taken prisoners. About 700 resistance participants had been insidiously interrogated. It made possible for KGB to expose and arrest about 4900 resistance movement supporters, signallers and reservist. On the basis of documents it can be ascertained that up to 60 supporters and civilians were killed by special troops. These are well known and based facts, but in fact the number af peaceful civilians who perished could be several times greater. Many of such victims were ascribed by MGB to be "bandits".
It can be firmly maintained, that shock troops of secret agents:
1. physically and moraly tortured armed resistance fighters and people who did not participate in the resistance movement (women, old people, children);
2. killed peaceful civilians, rezervers of partisans, signallers and supporters;
3. pillaged the property of peaceful civilians and resistance fighters.Neither shock toopers nor their leaders/commanders followed any laws. It should be noted that the responsibility for genocide and criminal crimes executed by special troops against Lithuanians has also to be assumed by the supreme government of Lithuanian SSR and the chief commanders of the MVD-MGB of the Soviet Union, the initiateres of the formation of terrorist special troops and their controllers.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF SOVIET SECURITY IN LITHUANIA (1941-1954)
Summary
History of the activities of state secret office and development of structures is one of the most interesting and meaningful research field in the sphere of history of the state policy. Research of the state secret police activities discloses aspects of internal and foreign policy of the state, makes the possibility to lighten the directions of state policy. Great importance was attached to secret police in Soviet Union. The secret police was the main tool realizing the repressive policy of the totalitaristic state. Soviet repressive bodies were founded in Lithuania from the very first days of 1940. During the war the repressive body was evacuated to the depth of the Soviet Union and there continued its work and was preparing for the new occupation. After the War (in the summer of 1944) agency of NKVD (MVD) and NKGB (MGB) of Soviet Lithuania directly took part in the extermination of people in the country, restrained the resistance against the invaders, took repressive action against the progressive part of the society. In 1953 the active resistance of Lithuanians against the Soviet system was broken down, physically and spiritually were exterminated thousands of peaceful Lithuanians. The greatest part responsibility should be given to the Soviet State secret agency that had been working in Lithuania. Research of the developement of those structures and their separate subdivisions discloses directions of the activities, methodics, meaning of the country life.
THE PECULIARITIES OF MEMOIRS WRITTEN IN THE VORTEX OF TRAGIC EVENTS
Summary
Reminiscences written by partisan movement participants and Freedom fighters of Lithuania occupies an important place in post-war period memoirs. The tradition of using the memoirs as a source of history is still not very common. The memoirs of anti-Soviet resistance participants and the memoirs of A.Ramanauskas-Vanagas ( Vanagas - the code name) and J.Lukša-Daumantas (Daumantas - the code name), the outstanding leaders of the resistance movement, were written under different conditions and the way they reached the reader was different too. The above mentioned factors directly decided the tradition of the use of memoirs in historiography. The memoirs Partizanai /Partisans/ by J.Lukša-Daumantas of all post war period memoirs had the greatest impact both on Lithuanian communities abroad and historiography. Many Lithuanian historians abroad such as J.Brazaitis, T.Remeikis, J.Pajaujis, Kęstutis K.Girnius referred to his memoirs in their works. It is noteworthy that not every Lithuanian historian abroad approached the memoirs seriously. This account for the differences in surroundings and the romanticism that covered the memoirs and their authors.
SOVIET SABOTEURS IN LITHUANIA (1941 -1944)
Summary
The participants of Soviet resistance movement having no support among Lithuanians could not spread their activities and due to it for the most part they could only perform acts of reconnaissance and secret service. In the second half of 1942 diversion groups started to be launched from the rear the task of which was to inspire the Soviet resistance movement. At that time the rage of the supporters of Soviet power bands was apparent. Many civilians who either had refused to support the bands or fought against them were killed and entire villages were burned down by saboteurs. The movement itself was hostile to the overwhelming majority of the local population both due to its ideology and composition. The roots and inspiration of the movement were not within Lithuania but outside its borders.
SOVIET ANTI-CATHOLIC CHURCH ACTIVITIES (1953-1967)
Summary
The relationship between the Catholic Church and the totalitarian Soviet regime dominated the historical process in Lithuania. J.Stalins death and the evolution of Soviet anti-Catholic policies changed the character of the relationship between Church and the Soviet State. Attepts had been made to replace the post-war anti-Church terrorist politics with the politics of limited concessions and the tactics of active penetration into inner life trying to win the Church over to the Soviet power's side and make it an active supporter of home and foreign politics. It's noteworthy that the concessions were limited to a great extent. It had been officially allowed to consecrate only two bishops and the loyalty of diocese pastors was not so vigilantly observed. The publication of religious literature was restricted to liturgical publications and the only periodical religious journal was to serve the interests of governing authorities instead of those of Church. Though the process of closing churches was stopped the renovation of its net was minimal due to the process of closing churches was stopped the renovation of its net was minimal due to the exclusively hostile attitude of local Soviet authorities. Despite the fact that the scope of represions against priesthood had diminished even at that time not a few priests were sentenced for their anti-Soviet activities. However, it should be noted that they were punished just for doing their duties too earnestly. On the other hand due to a less strict control of connections with the Vatican and pastor responsibilities the Church in Lithuania could lead more authentic life. The experience of post war atrocities and liberalisation of the Church's politics by the Soviet power after Stalin's death stipulated that the Authorities of the Church choose getting on with the State Soviet power attitude as an individual moral defiance to the regime was initiated. Yet the Soviet power did not succeed in wining the Church to its side and the most striking demonstration of this fact is the refusal of the Church to publish pro-Soviet religious journals.
A new and very consistent attack on the Catholic Church of Lithuania started in 1960 subsequent to a generally increasing anti-Church attitude of the Soviet power, and the increase of the totalitarian regime control and the failure to win the Catholic Church over to the Soviet's side. However the Soviet power could not resolve to take such radical measures against Catholic Church of Lithuania as it took against the Russian Orthodocs Church in other regions of the USSR. The attack on the Church first of all manifested itself by a more severe pastoral responsibility control, by the restriction of the space of pastoral responsibility and the deprivation of publishing religious press. Though the process of closing meeting houses continued, its scope was not a total as in other USSR regions. Besides, the Soviet power pursued the politics of official contacts between the Church and Vatican with the aim to use them for their own purposes. The representatives of the Church from Lithuania at the II Vatican Meeting carried out the tasks co-ordinated with the Soviet authorities.
The pressure diminished in the middle of the seventies and was stipulated by the change of the Kremlin's leaders and partly by a favourable disposition of the Pope Paul the VI towards communist regimes. Despite this fact the Soviets denied any attempts of the Vatican to improve the status of the Church in Lithuania.In order to maintain the favourable politics of the Vatican, and to a certain extent to liberalise their anti-Church politics,: the process of closing churches was stopped, the imprisoned clergymen were set free from the places of imprisonment and liturgical reform was allowed. Despite everything this short period can be characterised as a tiny ebb of great tension.
GERMAN AND LITHUANIAN SECURITY POLICE IN 1941-1944
Summary
The article deals with the structureand functions of German security police and SD as well as of Lithuanian security police. The activities of German operational troops in Lithuania at the beginning of the Soviet-German war, the formation of SD and German security police, their structure, tasks and functions during the occupation are being discussed by the author of the paper. The operations of German security police and the operations of SD troop in Vilnius are also being analysed. The above mentioned SD troop in Paneriai in 1941-1943 shot to death ten of thousands of Jews, communists, Soviet war prisoners, partisans and Polish underground participants. The uniform of Lithuanian security police, its structure, functions and tasks as well as its subordinate relationship with German security police and SD are being investigated in the third part of the article.
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to: Crimes Against Humanity